Deployment of two highly automated shuttles in Leuven
A unique and transversal approach
A unique feature of the project lies in the diversity of its stakeholders. For the first time, public actors from Belgium’s three regions are joining forces in a single initiative: the City of Leuven, Brussels Mobility (the regional transport authority), and the three national public transport operators – De Lijn, STIB-MIVB, and TEC, the whole coordinated by Espaces-Mobilités. This broad collaboration is essential: it allows different regions and operators to share expertise, test common approaches, and build a collective learning framework for the deployment of autonomous vehicles in Belgium’s public transport systems.
.png)
EU-funded project
The project is funded by EIT Urban Mobility, the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union, committed to accelerating the transition to sustainable mobility. This initiative is part of Mobility Masterclass, a comprehensive training programme launched in 2022 that has already attracted over 500 participants on innovative topics such as Mobility Data, Urban Logistics, Digital Twins or Autonomous Mobility.
A cutting edge technology
The vehicles will be provided by the Chinese company WeRide (www.weride.ai), in which the Renault Group is a shareholder. Successful demos have already been carried out with WeRide vehicles in Paris and Barcelona and have been deployed in Valence (France) and more recently in Zurich.
What is autonomous mobility ?
Mobility transformation
Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a unique opportunity to transform cities and mobility. By reducing dependency on private cars, which contribute to congestion and pollution, they could allow for the reclamation of vast urban spaces to be converted into parks, affordable housing, or pedestrian zones, thereby creating healthier and more dynamic environments.
These technologies have the potential to significantly improve road safety, reduce traffic jams, and solve parking problems. Beyond city centers, autonomous mobility solutions can offer "last-mile" connectivity and reliable transportation to underserved areas and people with reduced mobility.
By integrating into a broader vision of urban planning, autonomous mobility will allow shuttles and buses to run continuously, making public transport truly universal, accessible, and sustainable.
Anticipate the potential threats
However, autonomous mobility may also pose a threat to our regions if this technological transition does not benefit shared mobility and if personal cars are equipped with automated driving systems that further reinforce single-occupancy car use.
The year 2025 undoubtedly marks a historic turning point in the field of autonomous mobility with the rise of a number of global players, mainly American and Chinese, developing autonomous mobility services. All these reasons have prompted the project partners to join forces to learn together and ensure that Belgium is ready to support this revolution.
Self-driving technologies
Self-driving technologies represent a revolutionary leap in automotive engineering, aiming to transform transportation by enabling vehicles to operate autonomously. At their core, these advanced systems integrate a complex array of hardware and software components to perceive, understand, and navigate the world without human intervention. There are six levels of autonomous driving, as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) International. These levels categorize the degree to which a vehicle can drive itself, ranging from no automation to full automation.
CAMERAS
provide visual information, allowing the system to identify lane markings, traffic signs, traffic lights, and other vehicles and pedestrians. They are essential for object recognition and classification
RADARS
emit radio waves and measures the time it takes for them to bounce back, providing information about the distance, speed, and angle of objects, even in adverse weather conditions like fog or heavy rain.
LIDARS
use pulsed laser light to measure distances, creating highly detailed 3D maps of the environment. Lidar is particularly effective for precise object detection and mapping.
PERCEPTION
AI enables the vehicle to interpret sensor data, accurately identifying and tracking other vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, road signs, and obstacles.
Prediction
Based on current and historical data, the AI predicts the likely behavior of other road users, allowing the vehicle to anticipate potential risks and plan accordingly.
Decision-Making
The AI makes critical decisions, such as when to accelerate, brake, change lanes, turn, or respond to unexpected events. These decisions are based on predefined rules, learned patterns, and real-time environmental data.
Mapping and Localization
High-definition maps provide detailed information about roadways, intersections, and landmarks, while localization software uses sensor data to pinpoint the vehicle's exact position on these maps.
Path planning
Algorithms calculate the optimal route to a destination, considering traffic, road conditions, and safety.
Motion control
This software translates the AI's decisions into precise commands for the vehicle's steering, acceleration, and braking systems, ensuring smooth and controlled maneuvers.
About WeRide
The vehicles will be provided by WeRide (www.weride.ai), a global leader in autonomous driving technology, in which the Renault Group is a shareholder.
WeRide’s autonomous vehicles have been tested or operated in over 30 cities across 11 countries, including Paris (France), Barcelona (Spain), Valence (France), Zurich (Switzerland) and now Leuven (Belgium).
WeRide in Europe
Paris, France
WeRide's presence in Europe has been significantly bolstered by its collaboration with the Renault Group on pilot projects and demonstrations, particularly the successful deployment of autonomous shuttles during the Roland Garros tennis tournament in Paris in June 2024 and 2025. This project showcased WeRide's Level 4 (L4) autonomous driving technology in a high-profile, real-world scenario, demonstrating its capability to operate safely and efficiently in dynamic urban environments with significant pedestrian traffic. The shuttles provided transport services for attendees and staff during the prestigious event, highlighting the potential for autonomous vehicles to enhance event mobility and contribute to sustainable transport solutions.
Barcelona, Spain
WeRide has successfully conducted a pilot project in March 2025 in Barcelona which received the required authorization from Barcelona City Council and the Directorate General of Traffic. The circular itinerary of more than 2 kilometers with four stops in the city centre allowed riders to easily and safely discover autonomous driving in real traffic.
Valence, France
WeRide operates two autonomous shuttles in Valence, France since December 2024. This project is a collaboration with Beti, a French autonomous mobility service operator, and Macif, a French mutual insurance group. The shuttles are operated on a designated route connecting key points within a business park and the train station. This route was chosen to demonstrate the shuttle's ability to navigate various urban scenarios, including areas with mixed traffic, pedestrian crossings, and different road configurations.
Zurich, Switzerland
WeRide is deploying autonomous shuttles at Zurich Airport as part of a pilot project with the aim of connecting the airport's various terminals and parking areas. The project demonstrated the shuttles' capability to operate in a complex, high-traffic environment, providing efficient and reliable transport for passengers and staff within the airport premises. This initiative highlights the potential of autonomous vehicles to optimize operational logistics and enhance passenger experience in large-scale transportation hubs.
Frequently asked questions
-
When can autonomous shuttles be tested in Leuven?The autonomous shuttles will be tested in Leuven starting in the autumn of 2025 as part of a pilot project. More precise information about the exact timing will be provided by the end of September. The shuttles will run on weekdays from 8 am to 6 pm, with a shuttle departing every 30 minutes in each direction. Two self-driving shuttles will be operated connecting Leuven station to Heverlee. The 4 km route will include Martelarenplein, Maria Theresiastraat, Andreas Vesaliusstraat, Hendrik Consciencestraat, Naamsestraat, and Naamse steenweg.
-
Do you have to pay to use the autonomous shuttle?As this is a pilot project, use of the shuttle is free of charge. A maximum of 8 passengers can use the shuttle at any one time. The steward on board is responsible for ensuring that the vehicle's capacity is not exceeded.
-
Are the shuttles accessible to children ?Children (under 12 years and over 1m40) are allowed to ride the autonomous shuttles, but they must be accompanied by an adult. Safety regulations require that all passengers remain seated and fasten their seatbelt while the vehicle is in motion. 1m40 minimum size for fastening seatbelts.
-
Is it safe to ride in the self-driving shuttles in Leuven?Yes, safety is the top priority for the self-driving shuttle pilot project in Leuven. The WeRide technology is a proven technology that has been demonstrated in several European cities and outside Europe. A thorough risk analysis has been carried out to ensure the vehicles can drive safely in traffic. This analysis has been revised by SPF Mobilité (Federal Transport Authority) which granted a licence to Espaces-Mobilités and De Lijn in September 2025. Safety regulations require that all passengers remain seated and fasten their seatbelt while the vehicle is in motion. A trained steward will always be on board to supervise automated driving, intervene in risky situations, and provide information to passengers. The service will be immediately interrupted if safety of the passengers and other road users is compromised.
-
Do the shuttles run in all weather conditions?The self-driving shuttles are designed to operate safely in various weather conditions, but there may be limitations. The WeRide technology used in the Leuven pilot has demonstrated its capability in diverse environments, which often include different weather scenarios. However, specific operational conditions like heavy rain, snow, or fog might affect the service. The aim of this pilot project is to assess the service level even in the case of harsh weather conditions. The service will be immediately interrupted if safety of the passengers and other road users is compromised.
-
Why choose Chinese technology? What are the risks for the European automotive industry?The decision to choose Chinese technology, specifically from WeRide, for the Leuven pilot project was based on a comprehensive and meticulous analysis of the self-driving technology landscape. Espaces-Mobilités, responsible for the selection, evaluated potential suppliers based on technological sophistication, proven reliability, seamless integration with existing transport networks, compliance with stringent safety standards, and the ability to support the specific operational parameters of the Leuven project. WeRide was selected as the preferred supplier due to the maturity of its technology and its previous successful deployments in Europe under similar conditions. No European manufacturer or technology provider was able to meet the requirements for this project. Regarding the risks for the European automotive industry, the rise of global players, particularly American and Chinese companies, in the field of autonomous mobility services marks a significant turning point. This project, and others like it, highlight the advancements made by these companies. While the immediate focus of this pilot is on public transport supplementation and learning, the broader trend of autonomous vehicle development by non-European entities does present a challenge to the European automotive industry to accelerate its own development and deployment in this sector to remain competitive. The project partners recognize this and are joining forces to learn together and ensure Belgium is ready to support this revolution, which implicitly includes understanding and addressing potential impacts on domestic industries. Have a look at the EU action plan for the automotive industry : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_635
-
Why did you choose to develop this project in Leuven?Leuven was selected for several reasons: The city offers a diverse urban environment with a mix of historical areas, commercial streets, and residential zones, providing an excellent real-world setting to test the adaptability and safety of autonomous vehicles in various scenarios. The chosen route connecting Leuven station to Heverlee allows for the exploration of how autonomous shuttles can complement existing public transport networks and address "last-mile" challenges. Leuven has a strong reputation as an innovative city actively investing in sustainable and smart urban solutions. This aligns perfectly with the project's goal of exploring advanced mobility. The City of Leuven has shown strong support and commitment to the project, actively collaborating with project partners and facilitating the necessary operational preparations. As the public transport operator for the Flemish Region and a key partner in the project, De Lijn's operational base and expertise in Leuven make it an ideal location for the pilot. It is also important to note that the Brussels Region and the Walloon Region found this location relevant because it corresponds to a fairly similar context.
-
Why and how is this project being carried out in collaboration with the other two regions?This project is quite unique in Europe as it brings together public actors from Belgium's three regions within a single initiative: the City of Leuven, De Lijn (Flemish Region), Brussels Mobility and STIB (Brussels-Capital Region), and TEC (Walloon Region). Autonomous mobility is a rapidly evolving field. By working together, the regions can pool resources, share insights, and collectively build expertise in understanding the technology, its potential benefits, and its associated risks. This ensures that all regions are prepared for the future integration of autonomous vehicles into their respective transport systems. The insights gained from the Leuven pilot can be adapted and applied to other urban environments in Brussels and Wallonia. A unified approach across regions must help in the development of consistent regulatory frameworks and policies for autonomous vehicles in Belgium. This avoids fragmentation and facilitates a smoother, more efficient transition to autonomous mobility nationwide. Discussions are also underway with federal authorities (FPS Mobility), the Flemish Region (MOW), and the Walloon Region (SPW) to ensure comprehensive alignment and support at all levels of government.
-
What kind of data will be collected during the pilot, and how will it be used?Privacy is ensured for sensitive data (images, traffic and location data) that will be collected by the WeRide self-driving shuttles operated in Leuven. Several data protection measures are foreseen: Data masking: All the raw data collected by the vehicle (focus on the human face and the vehicle number) has been desensitized before used to training and processing Cybersecurity All data transmitted between the autonomous vehicles, cloud platforms, and control centers will be protected using advanced encryption protocols (e.g., TLS v1.3) to prevent unauthorized interception and access. Data storage : The project is deployed locally at Leuven, so all data will be stored on the De Lijn cloud storage with strict access control. Only authorized customer users and WeRide's operation and maintenance personnel can access it when necessary. Regular security audits and updates: The systems will be subject to regular security audits and penetration testing by independent third parties to identify and address potential vulnerabilities. Software and firmware will be updated frequently to patch known security flaws and integrate new protections. Incident responseplan: A comprehensive incident response plan will be in place to promptly detect, analyze, and mitigate any cybersecurity incidents, ensuring minimal disruption and rapid recovery.
-
How will the project address concerns about job displacement for traditional drivers?The primary aim of autonomous mobility is to optimize and expand the public transport offer, especially in areas currently underserved or during off-peak hours. This technology breakthrough allows for increased operational flexibility and efficiency, enabling transport authorities to deploy vehicles precisely where and when they are needed. Belgian public transport operators, like many across Europe, are also facing significant challenges due to an ageing workforce and a growing shortage of qualified drivers. This demographic shift impacts service reliability and the ability to expand routes or frequency. Autonomous vehicles can help mitigate these challenges by supplementing human-driven services and ensuring continuity of service. This strategic integration aims to strengthen the overall transport network, making it more resilient and responsive to evolving urban mobility needs, rather than leading to job losses.
-
Will there be opportunities for the public to provide feedback on their experience with the autonomous shuttles?Feedback from the public is highly valued for this pilot project. There will be several opportunities for passengers and other citizens to share their experiences and provide input: Onboard surveys: Passengers riding the autonomous shuttles will be invited to complete short surveys, either digitally via QR codes or through paper forms available with the steward. These surveys will focus on comfort, safety perception, ease of use, and overall satisfaction. Online feedback portal: individuals can submit this form to provide a detailed feedback, suggestions, or concerns regarding the autonomous shuttles and the overall pilot project. Public engagement events: public information sessions or open days are organised in Leuven. These events offer opportunities for direct dialogue with the project team and for citizens to ask questions and share their perspectives. Social media channels: Updates and opportunities for feedback will be shared on the social media channels of the project partners, encouraging public interaction and discussion. All feedback received will be collected, analyzed, and used to evaluate the project's success, identify areas for improvement, and inform future strategies for autonomous mobility in Belgium.
-
What are the long-term plans for autonomous vehicles in Leuven and other Belgian cities beyond this pilot project?The pilot project in Leuven is primarily a learning and demonstration initiative. Its main objective is to gather data, assess operational feasibility, and build expertise among Belgian public entities regarding autonomous mobility. The insights gained from this pilot will be crucial for informing future decisions and strategies. While specific long-term plans are still under development and will depend on the outcomes of this pilot, the project aims to pave the way for broader integration of autonomous vehicles into public transport systems across Belgium. There's probably a potential for extending autonomous shuttle services to other routes in Leuven or other Belgian cities where "last-mile" connectivity or underserved areas could benefit. The long-term vision includes seamless integration of autonomous vehicles with existing public transport networks, potentially serving as feeders to major transit hubs or connecting residential areas to main lines.The pilot will likely identify areas for further research and technological development to address specific Belgian challenges and ensure the technology is adapted to local conditions.
This project is supported by EIT Urban Mobility, an initiative of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the European Union. EIT Urban Mobility acts to accelerate positive change on mobility to make urban spaces more liveable.
Learn more: eiturbanmobility.eu